I used the 1Kohm resistors for R and 2Kohm resistors for 2R. The DAC system then outputs the analog voltage and we will be outputting this into the Analog pin (A0) of our board. I decided to go for a 4-bit DAC (just like the one shown above), meaning our system will take in 4 bits (the binary weights) through 4 digital input pins (D2, D3, D4, D5) on the board.This goes back to the point where I mentioned about it being easy to calculate - the output resistance is always R regardless of the number of bits, which is why the ladder configuration is very efficient. This calculation gradually continues (as you can see from the highlighted circles appearing over and over again) until we are left with an output resistance or R, with Vout, being the output voltage (what we want).We can then add the two R's in series, and the equivalent resistance once again evaluates to 2R (just like the original circuit). So with this circuit, we can simplify the resistors in the blue circle to just R. 2 2R resistors in parallel result in an R resistor equivalent, since, by parallel resistor calculations, 1/2R + 1/2R = 2/2R, inverse is 2R/2 = R. The circles highlighted in color represent two resistors which are in parallel. The configuration of this circuit resembles a ladder 3 R resistors are all in horizontally faced as 4 2R resistors are placed vertically, in between the R resistors. The circuit drawing above describes the R-2R ladder circuit. R-2R Resistor Ladder Circuit, diagram by yours truly I’ve been so drawn into Arduino lately, especially because it opens up so many possibilities when it comes to projects, and it is easy to use and learn as well! This actually marks my second project with this board, so I’m kind of a newbie, but I LOVE IT!!! The board that I’ll be working with is called an Arduino UNO board. It accomplishes this through circuit analysis and voltage division.Īrduino is an open-source hardware platform, where you can program a microcontroller board to read in inputs, light up an LED when you push a button, or even to run a motor for a robot! The microcontroller is part of the Arduino board, and to feed it a set of instructions you need to use the Arduino programming language and its Integrated Development Environment, or its Web Editor. This circuit converts high/low voltage outputs (binary weights - with 1 referring to 5V and 0 referring to 0V) to an analog voltage (such as 4.6777).
We are going to be designing a Digital to Analog system by building a circuit called an R-2R ladder. If you want to know more about DACs and their applications, I've talked a bit more about that here. Because I've been pretty intrigued by DACs and how they really work, I wanted to go ahead a build a simple implementation of it! A DAC is a system which converts a digital signal to an analog signal.
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